KEY SCRIPTURE: Pro 13:12 KJV Hope deferred maketh the heart sick: but when the desire cometh, it is a tree of life.
Please read Genesis 29,37, 40
Our key scripture states clearly that a deferred hope or an unfulfilled expectation can make the heart sick. A sick heart is a disappointed person. The Lord calls it a broken heart( Luke 4:18,19). Disappointed from our perspective abounds so much, although in the mind of God, it is not a disappointment. As children of God, we must not allow human failures to break our hearts because they will surely come. The bible is filled with countless cases of failed expectations, but most of them turned the supposed evil treatment into positive responses that became a blessing to themselves and many others.
The first to consider is Jacob, the secondborn of Isaac and Rebecca. He went to stay with Laban, his uncle. He fell in love with Laban’s pretty daughter Rachel, but was promised by Laban to work seven years, after which he could marry her. After these seven years of diligent service, which looked like seven days, Laban deceived him and gave him Leah, explaining that the younger does not marry before the senior. Jacob could have felt disappointed and brokenhearted. He could have put up a fight with Laban. He could also have refused to marry Leah and might have left as a worried, defeated and dejected man, yet according to the scriptures 29:28 KJV” And Jacob did so, and fulfilled her week: and he gave him Rachel his daughter to wife also.” He went through the ordeal, yet he had what he wanted, his wife, Rachel. Dear brother, life may not give you what you want, but life can not deny you what you patiently strive for. Great achievers became who they are because they overcame great hurdles or trials in life.
The second person who turned his disappointment into victory was Joseph, the first son of Rebeccah. He went to seek the welfare of his own brothers, yet they violently took him, stripped him of his coat, threw him into a pit and later sold him as a slave to some Ishmaelites. Dear brothers, what is more disheartening than this? He was sent to Egypt, sold as a slave to Portipher and finally, Portipher’s wife made sensual advances which he refused. This woman concocted a lie against him, and so he was thrown in the prison dungeon. In the prison, he interpreted a dream to a man who was to be reinstated as the King’s cupbearer. He requested this young man to speak to the king about him, yet he forgot and never made mention until the king had a dream which no one could truly interpret. All these events were a series of disappointments, yet God’s hand was guiding all that was happening. Romans 8:28. Joseph did not allow himself to be discouraged but looked at the bigger picture, God’s hand working with all that was happening. From the prison, he became the second in command of the whole of Egypt, which was the greatest nation in the world then. What would have happened if he had chosen to be sick or broken in his heart? REFUSE to be discouraged and keep fighting for your dreams, for God honours all those who trust and stick to His path of faith, hope, and love
THOUGHT: DISCOURAGEMENT OR NOT TO BE DISCOURAGED IS A CHOICE AND NOT BY CHANCE.
FURTHER STUDIES
Rom 8:28 KJV “And we know that all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are the called according to his purpose.”
1Sa 30:6 KJV “And David was greatly distressed; for the people spake of stoning him, because the soul of all the people was grieved, every man for his sons and for his daughters: but David encouraged himself in the LORD his God.”
Tag Archives: bible
BE WISE AS SERPENTS AND HARMLESS AS DOVES
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 23:6. ” But when Paul perceived that the one part were Sadducees, and the other Pharisees, he cried out in the council, Men and brethren, I am a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee: of the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question.”
In Matthew 10:16, the Lord JESUS told His disciples the following: “Behold, I send you forth as sheep amid wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves”. The dove and the serpent have extreme characteristics that the Lord commands his disciples to possess. A dove is amazingly harmless but is not so wise.
Serpents are exceptionally wise but can be very harmful. The wisdom of serpents can make them survive very adverse conditions. They can change themselves by shedding off the old skin. Even lions as ferocious as they are can be easily killed by some pythons. In the attack and trial of Apostle Paul, he exhibited the wisdom of the serpent. From our key scripture, he noticed the Jews were made up of two sects, that is, the Pharisees and the Sadducees. (The Pharisee believes in angels, resurrection, and life after death. The Sadducees were more liberals and did not believe in the supernatural. Paul said I am a Pharisee who believes in the future resurrection of the saints. This brought a sharp rift between these two sects. Every child of God must understand we live amid wolves. We must be very wise as serpents and harmless as doves. The Holy Spirit imparts wisdom if we ask Him for it. Secondly, wisdom is a function of proper knowledge and understanding. Don’t be ignorant about what goes on in the world.
On the following night the Lord appeared to Paul and said the following to him Acts 23:11 “And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, Be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome” Dear child of God serving the Lord in various capacities, must be fully assured of the Lord’s presence. This is one fact you must never lose sight of. The Lord has promised never to leave nor forsake us. Hebrews 13:5. Let your conversation be without covetousness; and be content with such things as ye have: for he hath said, I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee. This fact should be one of the strongest motivations for serving the master and doing it with all your heart. You can also practice the presence of the Lord. This is done by taking some moments to imagine the presence of the Lord with you. You follow up with a moment-by-moment acknowledgement of His presence. As you do this, you would instinctively have that consciousness of his presence.
CONFESSION
I am harmless as a dove and as wise as a serpent. I live in the midst of wolves, yet I always live above all the schemes of the devil, by my awareness of the Lord’s presence with me.
FURTHER STUDIES
Matthew 28:20. Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.
Psalms 23:4. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
DEFEND THE GOSPEL WITH YOUR PERSONAL TESTIMONY
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 22:1 “Men, brethren, and fathers, hear ye my defence which I make now unto you “
Please Read (Acts 22:1-22)
Apostle Paul gave his defence to the Jewish rioters and the Roman Soldiers who were present. His defence was a way of preaching Christ to the people. His message was a testimony of his personal life and conversion.
One powerful way of communicating the gospel is to share your life testimony. Paul, on this occasion, gave an elaborate account of his life. Giving life testimonies has three main aspects. The first part is the period before one was converted. In this part, you talk about the kind of things you used to do. The challenges and difficulties you faced. You can also talk about various ways you tried to get satisfaction and peace. In Paul’s testimony, he talked about his life as a zealot Jew who studied under Gamaliel, a very respected Jewish lawyer. He made mention of his zeal in persecuting Christians and the fact that he supervised the stoning of Stephen.
There is a second part of the personal testimony, which majors on the process of conversion. In Paul’s case, he spoke about his encounter with the Lord Jesus, who called him and commissioned him to carry his message to those in darkness. He mentioned the blinding effect of the light from heaven. He spoke about Ananias, who prayed for him to see. All these were undeniable evidence, which is not some psychological state that could be easily explained away.
The final part of the personal testimony is about the effect of conversion. In Paul’s case, he talked about the change that resulted. He no longer persecuted the church. He identified with them and started preaching about the grace of God.
You also have a personal encounter with God. So long as you have been converted, you have a personal testimony. Share it as often as you can, and many lives will be saved and blessed. If you don’t know how to present the gospel, don’t worry. Your testimony can do a lot.
CONFESSION
The Lord saved me from the grips of sin when I was dead and lost in sin. By his grace, I became part of the kingdom of God. Now, my life is free from the power of sin. Praise the Lord
FURTHER STUDIES
John 4:29 ” Come, see a man, which told me all things that ever I did: is not this the Christ?”
Luke 19:8 ” And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have taken anything from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold.”
GOD IS FAITHFUL TO FULFIL HIS PROMISES
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 21:31. “And as they went about to kill him, tidings came unto the chief captain of the band, that all Jerusalem was in an uproar.”
Apostle Paul had been captured by the Jews, who started beating him. There was a great uproar in the city. They were in an attempt to get him killed when the centurion got hold of it.
Paul had purposed in the Spirit to get to Rome through Jerusalem and share the word of God there, too.
Acts 19:21 ” After these things were ended, Paul purposed in the spirit, when he had passed through Macedonia and Achaia, to go to Jerusalem, saying, After I have been there, I must also see Rome”. Apostle Paul had purposed in the spirit to go to Rome. When the people took hold of Paul, there was no way his life would be terminated because, by divine program, he had to preach in Rome also. This was a divine verdict, and nothing was going to stop it. This was the reason the Lord made the Roman soldier intervene and stop them from killing him. Dear child of God, every divine calling or assignment that Good has given to you would surely come to pass.
God is faithful and would bring to pass whatever He has said concerning you, especially if it has to do with his work. Your role is to keep acting in line with what God said and also maintain your confidence in Him, that God is working out what He promised.
After Paul was taken over by the Roman soldiers, the Jewish zealots kept following, calling for His death. Acts 21:36 ” For the multitude of the people followed after, crying, Away with him”. Over the years, it has been only religious people who have called for the death of those they consider apostates or heretics. If you call yourself a Christian and you are calling for the death of apostates or heretics, then you never had the Spirit of Christ.
Every form of hatred for anybody in the name of Christianity is of the devil. If you have a loved one who claims he is persuaded to leave Christianity for another faith, don’t call for his head. Show him love, talk to God about him. Trust God to save him. The Lord will ultimately save him. Let everything. Hatred against any man ceases.
PRAYER
I am born of love. I have no hatred for anyone. I seek the salvation of all men and even those who blatantly oppose the faith.
FURTHER STUDIES
Romans 13:10. “Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore, love is the fulfilling of the law.”
Matthew 5:44. ” But I say unto you, love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.”
NO HUMAN EFFORT CAN CHANGE WHAT GOD HAS SAID
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 21:24. “Them take, and purify thyself with them, and be at charges with them, that they may shave their heads: and all may know that those things, whereof they were informed concerning thee, are nothing; but that thou thyself also walkest orderly, and keepest the law”.
In Jerusalem, the leaders of the church, aware of the Jewish animosity directed against Paul, suggested that he join some brethren who were going to perform the ordinance of purification, so that the Jews would be convinced that Paul was not opposed to the law of Moses, but rather observed it. This act was an attempt (well, not consciously) to change what the Holy Spirit has been saying throughout Paul’s journeys across the cities. Acts 20:23” Save that the Holy Ghost witnesses in every city, saying that bonds and afflictions abide me”.
The brethren in Jerusalem were attempting to change the word of the Holy Ghost that He spoke concerning Paul’s persecution in Jerusalem. Please note: no human effort can change what the Spirit has said and confirmed. My question is, since Apostle Paul knew what the Spirit had been saying all through his travels, why did he accept the suggestion of the elders at Jerusalem? I don’t believe Paul agreed to do it to please the elders at Jerusalem. I believe that this is a case of human weakness that might have set in at that occasion. My next question is, why didn’t the elders who were the overall leaders of the church discern what the Spirit has been saying throughout his journeys? My answer is that God does not favour anyone. Everyone or anyone who avails himself to the Spirit could be used by the Spirit. God never dealt with people based on their titles. He always deals with people on their level of faith and submission to His word. On the flip side, the Holy Spirit might not have revealed it to them, because He just didn’t want to.
In Acts 21:27” the bible said and when the seven days were almost ended, the Jews which were of Asia, when they saw him in the temple, stirred up all the people, and laid hands on him,” Despite Paul’s attempt to win the sympathy of the Jews they still laid hands on him and started beating him just as the prophecies said.No man can change the word of God. Paul had to stand before the emperor in Rome. The means was for Paul to appeal to Caesar during his trial by the governor. God’s word would always be fulfilled.
PRAYER
Dear heavenly father, I pray that I may daily be circumspect to walk according to the leading of the Spirit always. May I be alert to always hear the voice of the Spirit.
FURTHER STUDIES
John 4:24. God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth.
Ephesians 5:18. And be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess; but be filled with the Holy Spirit
HONOUR YOUR WORDS
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 21:15. “And after those days, we took up our carriages and went up to Jerusalem”
Apostle Paul did not make empty words only to abandon his commitments, but he acted on his words. Our key scripture says he and his team took their carriages and went to Jerusalem.
Many people are empty talkers. They say very high-sounding words only to forsake their vows, commitments, or pledges. Apostle Paul quickly acted on his pledge. Some of us make pledges of various sums of money during fundraising programs, only to fail to honour our pledges. There are also occasions when church members promise to make themselves available for evangelistic activities, yet when the time is due, you only find a handful of people present. Please note what the Lord says about vows or pledges. Num 30:2 “If a man vows a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth”. This is what the Lord says to all those who make vows: make sure you honour your words.
A man who honours his words would be able to trust God no matter the challenge that arises. He will always have the confidence of people.
These days, many marriages are under stress because parties are dishonouring their vows. One of the biggest challenges many marriages face is trust. This is most unfortunate. Infidelity abounds all over. This should not be said about the Christian. The Lord is always the ever-present witness to your pledges or vows to your spouses. Malachi 2:14 “Yet ye say, Wherefore? Because the LORD hath been witness between thee and the wife of thy youth, against whom thou hast dealt treacherously: yet is she thy companion, and the wife of thy covenant”. God is not only a witness to the vows made but a third party to that union. The marriage of Christians is a threefold chord. Ecclesiastes 4:12 “And if one prevail against him, two shall withstand him; and a threefold cord is not quickly broken”. The marriage of the Christian is a threefold chord, and our Father is the third party. Your vows are to him as well. God is the one who would come against your unfaithfulness.
Honour your pledge always, and life would be simpler and fulfilling for you.
Why do people break their vows?
Many people do not count the cost of what they are talking about. The man who has fully assessed the demands of his pledge or vows and decides to go ahead becomes ready to bear the consequences.
Secondly, any man who fails to honour his words may not have true fear for God ( there are some cases when one is sincere about whatever he says, yet physical limitations just make it impossible to honour that word: In such a scenario, God acknowledges your sincere efforts
). Barring unforeseen eventualities, such people do not consider God’s severity on them, and so they make vows not intending to honour them.
Dear one, always weigh whatever word you give out, and when you have given your word, stick to it.
CONFESSION
I have the spirit of faithfulness in me. I honour every vow, pledge, or promise I make. My life is very fulfilling because God is pleased with me and blesses me.
FURTHER STUDIES
Job 22:27. Thou shalt make thy prayer unto him, and he shall hear thee, and thou shalt pay thy vows.
Psalms 61:5. For thou, O God, hast heard my vows: thou hast given me the heritage of those that fear thy name.
A DECIDED MIND CAN NOT BE TEMPTED
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 21:13 ″. Then Paul answered, “What mean ye to weep and to break mine heart?” for I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus. “
In Caesarea, Paul received a second prophecy about what would happen to him if he went to Jerusalem. Agabus, a prophet, took his girdle and tied his hands and said, “The man who owed that girdle would be arrested by the Jews and handed over to the Gentiles.
All the brethren began to persuade Paul not to go. His response was our key scripture.
Acts 21:13
Then Paul answered, “What mean ye to weep and to break mine heart? For I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus.”
A decided mind can not be tempted. Paul was a warrior for Christ. Deep down in his heart, he was dead for Jesus. The Lord Jesus gave the following criterion for a disciple that is in Luke 14:26 “If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he cannot be my disciple .” The Lord said that before anyone could be his disciple, he must first hate or loveless his father, mother, wife, and children, including his brothers and sisters, as well as his very life. If one does not do this, he is not yet a disciple of Jesus.
From our story, we can easily conclude that the Apostle Paul loved the Lord more than himself. We can not achieve any special feat for the master if we do not love our lives less than we love Him. Every kind of unfaithfulness or sin a sister or brother commits against the master stems from a heart that has not loved Jesus above all other things. Paul could not be persuaded to give up on going to Jerusalem. Christianity is not all about believing in Jesus, but also about suffering for him. The word “suffer” also means to allow. There are times that we have to give way to some conditions that are not so pleasant, yet it shows how much we love the master above ourselves and brings glory to his name.
CONFESSION
I am crucified with Jesus; it is Christ alive in me. I give him the first place in all I do. My joy is to make him pleased with me. I always need to hear his instructions and to do what He says.
FURTHER STUDIES
Philippians 1:29. For unto you it is given on behalf of Christ, not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for his sake;
Acts 15:26. Men that have hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.
DISCERNING THE BODY OF CHRIST
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 21:7″ And when we had finished our course from Tyre, we came to Ptolemais, and saluted the brethren, and abode with them one day”.
(read Acts 21:6—10)
Apostle Paul left Tyre and continued with his journey to Jerusalem. Paul and his team took a stopover at Ptolemais, where he saluted the brethren there. Once again, Paul demonstrated his love for the master by showing love for his body. It seems Paul never travelled through any town or city without associating with the believers or brethren in that place. The church of God is the body of Christ.
Let’s consider what happens to us when we either treat the Lord’s body well or not. In 1st Corinthians 11:29, the bible said, “For he that eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh damnation to himself, not discerning the Lord’s body”. This verse is about the bread of the Lord’s communion. It says those who partake of it in an unworthy manner bring damnation on themselves because they do not discern the Lord’s body. What does this mean? It means these brethren who took the bread of the communion took it as ordinary bread. They did not see and treat it as Christ’s holy body. The bible said those who take the body of Christ this way come under condemnation or damnation, which is
- A weak body,
- A sick body and
- Some fall asleep or die. (Please note that all these setbacks are about the person’s body)
What has the communion got to do with Paul’s recognition of the brethren in Ptolemais? Now note this, just as the bread is the body of Christ, so is the group of believers, or an individual Christian, also the body of Christ. The body of Christ is the body of Christ, no matter the form we relate with it, whether the body of Christians, the communion bread or even the bread of the word. To see the Christians as the body of Christ and to show love and honour for it brings you a special blessing. Those who dishonour the body of Christ, represented by the communion bread, become weak, sick or die untimely; vice versa, those who discern it will not be weak, they will not be ill and will not die before their time. Dear child of GOD, if you treat fellow Christians as the real body of CHRIST, you would have the same blessings as you worthily took the communion. Some Christians became weak, sick, or even died before their time because they treated the group of Christians as just ordinary humans. That was their error, or what brought them so much trouble. The Lord told Paul, who was persecuting the church, Why are you persecuting me? (Act 9:4)
The church, no matter where you find it, is the body of CHRIST. Love the brethren, honour the brethren, and treat them like you would have done for Christ if He were here in the flesh.
CONFESSION
The church of God is the body of Christ. I honour it, respect it, and love the brethren with a sincere love. Whatever I do for the Christian is directly unto the Lord JESUS. I am always a blessing as I honour Him through His body.
FURTHER STUDIES
Acts 9:4. And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?
1 Corinthians 12:27. Now ye are the body of Christ, and members in particular.
NEVER MAKE CONCLUSIONS FOR THE HOLY SPIRIT
KEY SCRIPTURE Acts 21:4. And finding disciples, we tarried there seven days: who said to Paul through the Spirit, that he should not go up to Jerusalem.
In chapter 21 Apostle Paul followed up on his mission to go to Jerusalem. When they arrived in Tyre, some disciples came to him and spoke by the Spirit, saying that Paul should not go to Jerusalem. Paul had had a similar warning in some of the cities he visited.
Paul proceeded with his agenda to travel to Jerusalem. Why didn’t he heed this warning, although the bible said they spoke by the power of the Spirit? (The bible only reported what the disciples said was the instruction of the Spirit) His decision to go raised a lot of questions to answer. Did Paul know that the Spirit was asking him not to go? I can’t answer certainly, yet in all the studies we’ve done on the life of Paul, we see that he did not count his life dear unto himself. Apostle Paul was a man of the Spirit and would not just disobey the voice or instruction of the Spirit. The following verse lays every question and doubt to rest. Acts 23:11 “And the night following the Lord stood by him, and said, be of good cheer, Paul: for as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome”. In Acts 23:11, the Lord Jesus himself stood beside Paul and told him that he must get to Rome and preach the gospel over there too.
The issue at stake is why these disciples in Tyre say the Holy Spirit was asking Paul not to go to Jerusalem and subsequently to Rome? Many times, we may receive a clear word from the Spirit about a situation, yet we must ask the Holy Spirit for His next instruction, about what must be done. This, I believe was the error of these disciples from Tyre. They truly received the revelation that, at Jerusalem, Paul would be bound and given to the Gentiles. I believe they did not receive any further word that Paul should not go to Jerusalem. Such instruction purported to be from the Spirit would have been a contradiction, to the instruction Jesus gave. Please note that every revelation of Jesus is in fact the Holy Spirit.
The Lord Himself stood beside Paul and told him that he would have to be in Rome to testify over there too, How could the Holy Spirit turn around to tell these disciples that he should not go to Jerusalem which would lead him to Rome ultimately?
Everyone one of us children of God must be very diligent to wait for full and clear instructions from the Holy Spirit before going about to say it, or we may be acting on what we might not have been instructed to say. NEVER MAKE CONCLUSIONS FOR THE HOLY SPIRIT.
PRAYER
I pray in the name of JESUS that I may be extra sensitive to the Holy Spirit’s voice, that my way shall always be clear to bring glory and honour unto the Lord.
FURTHER STUDIES
John 16:13. Howbeit when he, the Spirit of truth, is come, he will guide you into all truth: for he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you things to come.
Romans 8:9. But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now, if any man has not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of Him
BEWARE OF WOLVES IN SHEPHERD CLOTHES
KEY SCRIPTURE: Acts 20:29. For I know this, that after my departing shall grievous wolves enter in among you, not sparing the flock.
Apostle Paul prophecies to the leaders of the Ephesian church that after he has left and gone, grievous wolves would enter in or take over and would not spare the flock.
Apostle Paul cautions the brethren that after his departure, grievous or dangerous wolves will take over. In Paul’s days, false teachings were mostly Jewish legalistic teachers who would come in as Christians but would teach against the grace of God, project the laws of Moses.
There are craftier ‘wolves’ in our time as well. These days, there are certain people with fetish or occultist influences who preach from the bible to deceive many. These people usually have ritual practices that turn people’s faith from the Lord Jesus Christ into other objects. Beloved brethren any pastor or man of God who asks you to sacrifice any form of blood; that man is a false prophet. Our Lord Jesus is the last and perfect blood sacrifice that atoned for the sins of all mankind. Hebrews 9:12 reads, “Neither by the blood of goats and calves, but by His own blood he entered in once into the Holy place having obtained eternal redemption for us.” Our Lord Jesus entered into the Holy of Holies in heaven ONCE and obtained an ETERNAL REDEMPTION for us. Presently, any blood sacrifice of any animal goes to the devil and not our heavenly father.
These are false prophets who wisely extort various sums of money from helpless church people. They sell all kinds of objects ranging from different kinds of oils for enquirers to pray with. They also sell hand bands, stickers, and many more. I wish to clarify a point here. There are some who sell these objects as a means of raising funds to develop the church for the common good of all. Such people do not take the money for their personal use but to benefit the wider group of the people. One way to know whether a man is teaching truth or error is to consider who such a one is projecting. Is he projecting the Lord JESUS or something else?
May you not fall into the hands of any false prophet because of frustration.
PRAYER
I pray that I would be very sensitive to discern the truth from error anytime I encounter one in Jesus’ name
FURTHER STUDIES
Matthew 24:11 And many false prophets shall rise, and shall deceive many.
Matthew 24:24 For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect.